Racial Profiling in Court: How to Document It and Win Suppression
Context: This guide explains how to document racial profiling during police encounters and how to litigate suppression of evidence that
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Codigo Alpha – Alpha code
Entenda a lei com clareza – Understand the Law with Clarity
Codigo Alpha – Alpha code
Entenda a lei com clareza – Understand the Law with Clarity
Criminal Law & police procedures
Pretextual Stops After Whren: Real Limits, Real Defenses
Context: After Whren v. United States (1996), U.S. police may stop a car for any objective traffic violation, even if
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Consent Searches Explained: How Far Police Can Go and When You Can Say Stop
Context: Police in the U.S. do not always need a warrant to search. One of the most common exceptions is
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Vehicle Stops and Pretext: What Makes a Traffic Stop Legal or Not
Context: This article explains how U.S. police can stop vehicles for traffic infractions and how those stops may sometimes be
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Terry Stops and Pat-Downs Explained: What Police Can and Can’t Do
Context: This guide explains how U.S. police use Terry stops (brief investigative detentions) and pat-downs (stop-and-frisk) under the Fourth Amendment.
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Probable Cause vs. Reasonable Suspicion: The Real Difference Explained
Context: This guide explains the two main Fourth Amendment thresholds U.S. officers use in the field: reasonable suspicion (the low
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Police Stops 101: Reasonable Suspicion, Frisk Limits & Your Rights
Police stops: reasonable suspicion basics. In the United States, a brief detention—on foot or in a car—requires reasonable suspicion: specific,
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